Carlos Cruz-Diez

Carlos Cruz-Diez (Venezuela, 1923–France, 2019). Born in Caracas, he studied at the Caracas School of Fine Arts and worked as a graphic and advertising designer in Venezuela. In 1955, he moved to Europe, first to Madrid and then to Paris, where he developed a practice centered on experimentation with color and resided until his death.

In the 1960s, he became involved with kinetic art, a movement that employs optical and mechanical devices to produce visual effects. He developed chromatic structures in which color acts as an autonomous and changing element.

He participated in the 1970 Venice Biennale, representing the Venezuelan pavilion. His work is part of the collections of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), the Centre Pompidou, the Tate Modern, the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, the Museo de Bellas Artes de Caracas, the Museu de Arte Moderno de São Paulo, the Pérez Art Museum Miami, and the Central Bank of Venezuela.